4.6 Connect Spindles and Lasers

PWM, laser PWM, 0-10 V / direction contacts, and RS485

Spindles, VFDs, and lasers are hazardous. Test control signals with the spindle/laser disabled first. The controller terminals are low-voltage controls only; follow the VFD or laser manufacturer's mains, grounding, shielding, and E-stop requirements.

Method	V5.77 connection	Test YAML
5 V PWM spindle	GPIO.45 + GND	Tool 0, S0-10000
Laser PWM	GPIO.46 + GND	Tool 1, S0-255
0-10 V VFD	GPIO.6 (0-10 V) + GND; GPIO.7 Fwd / GPIO.8 Rev with Out Common	Tool 2, S0-24000
Modbus VFD	RS485 A / B	Tool 3, 9600 8N1, Huanyang test profile

PWM or Laser Controller

Connect controller GND to the device signal ground and GPIO.45 or GPIO.46 to its PWM/TTL input. Do not connect the PWM pin to a 12/24 V control terminal. GPIO.45 and GPIO.46 are ESP32-S3 strapping pins, so external equipment must not force them high or low during boot.

0-10 V VFD

Connect GPIO.6 (0-10 V) and GND to the VFD analog input and analog common. For run/direction, use the isolated output pairs GPIO.7 (Fwd) / Out Common and GPIO.8 (Rev) / Out Common as dry-contact-style control inputs. Do not inject voltage into these output pairs.

Verify the VFD analog-input mode and calibrate item 7 only if full command does not produce 10.0 V.

RS485 Modbus VFD

Connect only A to A and B to B (swap A/B if there is no response). The onboard RS485 interface is non-isolated. Match baud, address, model commands, grounding, and termination to the VFD manual. The supplied Huanyang block is a communication test example, not a universal VFD profile.

Safe commissioning: select the intended tool, verify 0%, 50%, and 100% signals with a meter, confirm M5 always stops the output, then connect the real device and test at minimum safe speed/power.

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